Subsurface voids pose significant challenges to geotechnical integrity. Accurately locating these voids is crucial for ensuring the safety of structures and infrastructure. Traditional methods, such as borehole logging, can be expensive and provide limited spatial resolution. Emerging geophysical techniques, including ground wave velocity analysis,
Cavity characterization plays a vital role in geotechnical design processes. A thorough understanding of cavity shape and properties is essential for precisely assessing the potential impact on structures . Geotechnical engineers utilize multiple techniques to characterize cavities, including exploratory drilling . These methods yield valuable inf
Geophysical exploration utilizes a crucial role in the identification and characterization of potential mineral resources. By employing various physical methods, geologists can survey beneath the Earth's surface to detect subsurface structures and indicators indicative of mineral concentration. These geophysical techniques often involve the measur